Download this stock image: Vintage Fieseler Storch, German WW2 Reconnaissance aircraft, in flight at Abingdon Air Show UK, May 2014. The Aufklärungspanzer 38(t) was developed as a primary reconnaissance vehicle to replace both these kinds of vehicles. There were 12,000 Allied aircraft in the air over the region that day. The OA series of observation amphibians were mostly Army variants of better known Navy types, such as the Consolidated PBY Catalina. I’ve always enjoyed ‘worst of’ lists and had an interest in aviation, so I thought it time to combine the two. In addition to serving as a level bomber, the Do 217 could be configured as a night fighter, a torpedo bomber, and a reconnaissance aircraft. C-46 Commando 4. A full list of project aircraft and captured aircraft can be found at list of RLM aircraft designations in the form of the Reich Aviation Ministry's list of aircraft.See German aircraft production during World War IIfor the most produced types. Captured or acquired aircraft are listed separately as many were used only for evaluation while those available in large enough numbers were commonly used as trainers, while a small number were used for special operations, with exception of some Italian aircraft used sometimes in large numbers mostly as transports. In the 1930s, gradual technical progress in the leading air nations led to advances particularly in photogrammetry and cartography, but failed to be translated into a capable operational reconnaissance capability. British squadrons in the Mediterranean took over the slack left by the Americans. Italian reconnaissance could not survive in contested airspace. The He-115 held two 960 PS (947 hp 720kW) BMW 132 K nine-cylinder air-cooled radial engines. Konica and Nikon were the main manufactures. [2] Experiments with flash bomb photography at night were carried out pre-war, but did not lead to an operational capability until later in the war. The aircraft never went into production becau e (1) it looked di figured, (2) n. Feb 5, 2014 - Thi i a German Blohm und Vo Bv 141 two- eat reconnai ance aircraft. Often one aircraft carried several different camera-lens configurations for special purposes. [36][page needed]. Modellbau-König - Ihr Fachhandel für Plastik-Modellbau. Germany used the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin airship for signals intelligence sorties targeting RAF radar stations in 1939. The United States got access to a limited amount of German coverage of the European part of the Soviet Union, and soon began a costly and technically ambitious program to obtain pictures of the rest. From 1943, the Japanese were virtually always on the defensive, while new long-range, high-altitude U.S. aircraft climaxing with the Boeing B-29 Superfortress (F-13 in the reconnaissance role) provided overwhelming American coverage of the Home Islands from mid-1944. His work would dominate the field for decades, including in the form of foreign copies. Other configurations arose as needed. These aircraft reached as far as Ceylon. Mission4Today › ForumsPro › R & R Forums › Photo Galleries › WWII Aircraft Photo's › Germany. The primary types operated by the Luftwaffe are shown highlighted, with the most numerous in bold. As in many other aspects of the war, it instead highlighted that reconnaissance must be viewed and developed holistically, as a national (or multinational) capability integrating many advanced resources, scientific, industrial, and intellectual; it also requires a centralized management tying it in with other intelligence specialties and related disciplines like targeting. The mission type branched out into many sub-types, including new electronic forms of reconnaissance. This category contains aircraft used for reconnaissance during World War II. Leica seemed to be the main camera manufacturer while optics production was concentrated at ISCO Göttingen (Schneider) and Zeiss. A high-oblique photograph is presented alternatively at left and at right. ", This page was last edited on 2 May 2021, at 06:52. Reconnaissance Unit example: Panzer Aufklärungs (Armoured Reconnaissance) ( Aufklärungsabteilung) Battalion "Großdeutschland" Upon expansion to a panzergrenadier Division, this battalion adopted golden-yellow waffenfarbe and cavalry traditions for all its companies. Fachkompetende Beratung, riesen Auswahl und hohe … It was an expansion determined mostly by trial and error, represented mostly by new tactics, new procedures, and new technology, though rarely by specialized aircraft types. The crew… employed on the German auxiliary cruiser Orion, from 1943, Reggiane ordered to build more, D'Amico, Ferdinando. C-87 Liberator Express 11. Second World War / WW2 - German reconnaissance aircraft Henschel Hs 126 , aerial warfare, Sirník Slovakia 'Silhouettes of German Aircraft' - Front page of an Air Ministry handbook published in 1940, giving descriptions and silhouettes of enemy aircraft. The Blohm & Voss company was best known for its flying boats used in maritime reconnaissance such as the BV 238 – the heaviest, largest Axis aircraft produced during the war. In special circumstances it was necessary to bring along fighter escorts; this phenomenon arose again in the last months when the hitherto sovereign Mosquito began to be picked off by Messerschmitt Me 262 jets. Leading up to the invasion of France, concentration was on ports, forts, railways and airports, using mostly Dornier Do 17Ps and Heinkel He 111Hs, already vulnerable types, and rapid conversion to Junkers Ju 88D, later Ju 88H followed. Italy entered the war in 1940 with a very large number of obsolete observation aircraft, mostly open-cockpit biplanes assigned directly to Army commands. Several flights preceded the later advance of the Italian army southwards to the capital Addis Ababa. Three modified for carrier trials. The Americans also produced and used British cameras (F24 as K24). Because of their initial disregard for reconnaissance, all belligerents shared in the failure to develop and field a dedicated, survivable air reconnaissance platform, although they belatedly recognized the need therefore. At first Britain used a handful of hastily modified Spitfires (PR 1) and some medium twins (Bristol Blenheims) for photographic reconnaissance, supplemented by in-action footage shot from regular bombing aircraft. [14], The Istituto Geografico Militare acquired aerial photographs to sustain its war effort against Ethiopia in the mid 1930s. While German optics were superior, experts noted that standard German reconnaissance cameras, though excellent, were heavy and not optimized for aerial use. German units were divided into Fernaufklärer (long-distance), Nahaufklärer (tactical, subordinate to Army command), Nachtaufklärer (night photography), and maritime and special units. A small number of surviving pre-1933 aircraft were overlooked by the RLM system and just used the company names or designations. However, they learned a lot about the discipline from the Americans when the U.S. Army Air Forces operated from three Ukrainian bases in 1944 (Operation Frantic). This was despite the growth (in the United States and Britain) of a doctrine of strategic bombardment as the decisive weapon of war. This was an important factor in defeating the U-boat offensive that spring. payment | shipping aufklarer ww2 german luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft and … Category:World War II reconnaissance aircraft of Germany. The less common K-18 (9x18) was used for high altitude. [50][page needed]. A transformational growth in air reconnaissance occurred in the years 1939–45, especially in Britain and then in the United States. The Navy's standard Nakajima C6N "Myrt" was also an extremely capable reconnaissance platform from 1944 on. This operation included a photo-reconnaissance detachment which shared all results with the USSR. This list covers aircraft of the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War from 1939 to 1945. The reason, grounded in history and geography, was that Germany had no strategic bombing doctrine and viewed air power as an auxiliary of land armies. General Arnold was one of the fact-finders in Britain in spring 1941. numerous investigations of Pearl Harbor reached this conclusion, which is still preferred to alternative theories. The 109 was one of the only true modern planes in the war; it included features such as a retractable landing gear, all-metal monocoque construction, and a closed canopy. One who was there reported that at the ACIU, 1,700 officers and enlistees studied 85,000 images daily. However, from early on the Allies had a tremendous unseen advantage in signals intelligence and cryptography, being able to read Axis codes. Fighters, often with dual oblique cameras in the rear fuselage, were pressed into service for reconnaissance where their speed was necessary, and performed well in this role. jet flying wing, only one flown under power. From the German perspective, this was defensible considering that about 90% of the action lay in large land-battles in the East, and an expensive long-range air capability would have been unlikely to effectively change the outcome. [22][page needed], Axis partners, Italy and Japan, successfully performed long-distance reconnaissance prior to meeting stiffening opposition in 1942. However there were hundreds of aircraft types used between 1939 and 1945 and inevitably some were abject failures. They also usually flew singly or in widely spread pairs. The aerial photographs over Ethiopia in 1935-1941 consist of 8281 assemblages on hardboard tiles, each holding a label, one nadir-pointing photograph flanked by two low-oblique photographs and one high-oblique photograph. At that point the Wing had found the F-4 unsatisfactory, the F-9 or Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress unable to survive over enemy territory, and the new British de Havilland Mosquito to be the most promising reconnaissance platform. By 1941, prompted by the British experience, Americans began to understand the need for a much expanded air reconnaissance concept. [37] If the invasion was counted as a major reconnaissance success, the German Ardennes offensive (Battle of the Bulge) in December was a major failure. From 1945 aerial reconnaissance became a critical, high-priority component of national security in both the U.S. and Britain. [15][16], Despite a considerable technological and numerical head start, Germany gradually neglected aerial reconnaissance, at least relative to Britain. [32] A scientific approach to reconnaissance developed, topped by the involvement of the Prime Minister when particularly notable results were discussed, such as the discovery of German jet fighters in test. Fighters and interceptors The RAF maintained a similar large number of reconnaissance squadrons, dominated by Spitfires and Mosquitos; however, in the Far East and the Middle East, less capable types tended to be allocated to reconnaissance and army cooperation. [27], When the United States and Britain invaded French North Africa in November 1942, the hastily improvised reconnaissance capability was quickly checked by reality. Overall, however German reconnaissance against well-defended England was relatively ineffective. The latter standardized on the Yokosuka D4Y Suisei ("Judy") and Nakajima C6N ("Myrt") multi-seat aircraft. Dissertation, OSU, 2005. On behalf of first French and then British intelligence, Cotton outfitted civilian Lockheed Electras with hidden cameras and was able to snap useful footage during business trips. The Luftwaffe also successfully deployed night photography with flash bombs, as amply documented by the BDA of the annihilating German attack on the USAAF in the Ukrainian SSR in June 1944. The Allies were slow to allocate very long-ranged aircraft to maritime duties. Behind him, the squadron thickened up the screen with further troops. The Navy used variants of the Fairchild series. C-47 Skytrain 3. [11], Britain was far behind Germany in optics, and at one time 1 PRU took two Zeiss Ikon cameras with 60 cm lenses from a lost Ju 88 and used them for high-altitude photography. In 2004 the last remnants of the communist East German armed forces "NVA" have been given to neighbour countries of Germany, like Poland. Vichy MB.152 also transferred to Luftwaffe In 1942. used from 1943 with mixed Italian/German crews. In general, the focal length in cm was indicated by the first number and the plate size by the second, thus Rb50/30. [53], One of the top objectives of Allied occupation was the center of optical excellence in Jena; Colonel Goddard said that U.S. bombers had orders to spare Jena. There is approx. [1] Color photography from the air was introduced in 1935 in the United States, but did not find widespread application. The RAF also early developed the standard three-phase interpretation procedure: first phase required immediate response (such as advancing columns of armor sighted); second phase required 24- hour handling (such as concentrations of landing crafts in ports); and third phase was for long-term analysis (such as industrial targets like coal gasification plants). Numerous other technical and tactical problems virtually brought American reconnaissance to a halt; but it rebounded swiftly, and by the time of the invasion of Sicily in July (Operation Husky), a very credible joint capability existed, the NAPRW comprising South African, Free French, and New Zealand units as well as RAF and USAAC units. Most aircraft allocated to the mission type were obsolete. [23][page needed], The Soviet Union had no advanced reconnaissance resources, but emphasized visual observation and reporting over the battle space. [49], Japanese cameras were a mixture of domestic and imported/copied types. Although the RAF usually preferred area bombing, it promoted a similar reconnaissance emphasis, for example in the celebrated discovery, coverage, and analysis of the Peenemunde rocket range which culminated in the Operation Hydra raid in august 1943. As soon as the war ended, the USAAF in Europe used existing resources in an all-out effort to map Europe from the air before diplomatic considerations would make it difficult. [26], The first U.S. operational reconnaissance experience was gained in the Australian theater. Unlike other contemporary navies, the German Kriegsmarine had no own naval aviation. The extremely close operating relationship between the RAF and the USAAF (USAF from 1947) would survive the war, and the tactics, technology, terminology and in general the shared intellectual infrastructure in aerial surveillance and analysis would transition into the Cold War, becoming embodied in the National Reconnaissance Office by 1960. [41], At sea, Germany had a considerable early lead in long-range aircraft, chiefly represented by the Fw 200 Condor. Initially, some strategic surveillance was carried out by three-engined bombers, and Italian aircraft ranged from Nigeria to Abyssinia to Bahrein (one flew to Japan and back). This required at least two men for handling and produced 12x12 (32 cm) images. The Luftwaffe of the Third Reich officially existed from 1933–1945 but training had started in the 1920s, before the Nazi election, and many aircraft made in the inter-war years were used during World War II. They were much more effective in Northern Norway against the Arctic convoys. C-108 Flying Fortress 12. Seeaufklärer and Kustenflieger groups used seaplanes of many different types with considerable success in coastal areas, especially from Norway. [25] Also, the Americans labored under the handicap that much equipment was assigned to Britain as fast as it could be produced. By 1941, prompted by the British experience, Americans began to understand the need for a much expanded air reconnaissance concept. Lighter-than-air platforms would soon be eclipsed, though not replaced, by fixed-wing aircraft. Germany adopted armed reconnaissance as an expediency at these long ranges. Supermarine Spitfires and Mosquitos were found to be the best reconnaissance platforms, as everyone now realized that speed, range, and altitude were essential to survival and good photographs. Numerical designations are largely within the RLM designation system. This endeavor even included stationing photo detachments at Vaenga air field on the Kola Peninsula. ); and the extreme-long-range Kawanishi H8K "Emily", widely considered the best flying boat of the war. The three-seated Heinkel He-115 WWII Luftwaffe was a seaplane used as a torpedo bomber and performed seaplane duties like reconnaissance and laying mines. Antonov A-40. The F24 became especially useful in night photography. These included several platforms such as the unarmed Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah" known as the "Japanese Mosquito"(? At Poltava, the U.S. reconnaissance detachment shared all imagery as well as tactics and technology with their Soviet counterparts, enabling the latter to comprehend American operations and develop an indigenous capability. The reunified Germany's military aircraft consisted of a mix of East and West German Aircraft that were in service along with new aircraft acquired after combining. Nonetheless, the Americans began to standardize on F-5s and F-6 Mustangs in order to promote an indigenous capability and break away from the RAF's tutelage. This resulted in heavier demands on reconnaissance for before-and-after photography; and the documented poor results (as well as heavy losses) led to a shift to night-time area bombing. In December 1941, complacency and inadequate leadership led to the failure to detect the Japanese task force north of Hawaii from the air. (in Italian)". Japanese aircraft reconnoitered the Philippines prior to 7 December 1941. Experience would soon prove that bombing was completely ineffective unless accompanied by intensive aerial reconnaissance. [55][page needed], Babington Smith, p78; Stanley, p268 et passim. Inventor Sherman Fairchild had developed the K-3 in 1919 based on experience from the Great War. Similar efforts were made elsewhere. Some transferred to Croatia. Babington Smith noted that the Zossen image library was soon discovered in a barn in Bad Reichenhall near Berchtesgaden, and that the square-foot sized photographs were impressive. used from 1943. The cameras were controlled remotely by the crew from the cockpit. Some sold to Finland. Maritime reconnaissance from France and Norway reached well west of Ireland to the coast of Greenland using Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor and various multi-engine seaplanes.[19]. [5], Strategic reconnaissance in its embryonic form began with the flights carried out over Germany by Australian businessman Sidney Cotton just before the outbreak of war in Europe. Finally, the industrial centers arrayed against the Axis – in the United States and the Urals and Siberia – were simply out of reach of strategic reconnaissance. Selected heavy bombers carried film cameras and cameramen. [46][page needed], In the United States, the primary aerial cameras were the K-series and naval F-series produced by Fairchild. Roma, Edizioni Bizzarri, 1972. Sidney Cotton's work found only grudging approval with the Royal Air Force, but eventually his work was incorporated into No. German aircraft production during World War II, List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45, List of military aircraft of Germany by manufacturer, List of military aircraft of Nazi Germany, http://www.ww2.dk/oob/bestand/trsp/bivtg4.html, German Military Aircraft Designations (1933–1945), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_II_military_aircraft_of_Germany&oldid=1020982646, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In Germany, the Army Chief, Werner Freiherr von Fritsch, noted that in the next war, whoever had the best air reconnaissance would win – and thereby won himself a perfunctory mention in almost all subsequent works on the topic. Cotton pioneered (for the British) the trimetrogon mount and the important innovation of heated cameras, fogging being the bane of high-altitude photography. As always it was at the tactical level that the Germans excelled, and short-range aircraft were able to hold their own in the East until fuel, pilots, and even aircraft became depleted. What had begun with one PRU in 1940 eventually amounted to several dozen squadrons worldwide. Experts generally hold that the top German leadership failed to understand airpower, and Hitler has been especially blamed for lacking the strategic perspective that the West Allies adopted. Great flight precision was needed especially for exposures for stereography and cartography in general. K-19s were used at night, and the small K-20s (4x5) for low-level obliques. A very large fraction of RAF reconnaissance was consumed in tracking German capital ships. [47], In Britain, the small F24 (5x5 image) and the derivative but much larger F52 (8.5x7) aerial cameras dominated, the former being used mostly for night photography with the aid of flash bombs. At the same time, Americans learned that Soviet photoreconnaissance capabilities were embryonic.[24]. Goddard. The various parties went into the new war with mostly the same cameras and procedures they had used when exiting the last one. These countermeasures, also including going underground and exploiting snow cover, came to represent some of the limitations of overhead reconnaissance even in conditions of overwhelming air superiority. In Italy, the Mediterranean Allied Photographic Reconnaissance Wing under Colonel Polifka provided similar services, and using staging bases in the Ukraine these units together could provide full, regular coverage of the shrinking Axis territory. )[8] Key to the RAF's intellectual ascendancy in reconnaissance was the establishment of the Central Interpretation Unit (CIU) at RAF Medmenham. There are countless books, dvds and websites about the great aircraft of World War Two. All Aircraft - coastal based and ship based - were under command of the Luftwaffe and flown by Luftwaffe officers, following the Görings order "everything that flies belongs to me". By 1942–43 the Condor menace was subsiding, and German long-range aircraft had great difficulty surviving in the Atlantic. [34] Also, infrared film began to be used at the end of the war. [43] But since the industrial mismatch was insurmountable, it is doubtful what difference a greater German emphasis on strategic reconnaissance and commensurate bombardment would have made. https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance_in_World_War_II Other RAF units operated in the Far East, often with slightly less capable aircraft such as Hawker Hurricanes and North American B-25 Mitchells. At this time the RAF still used the vintage F8 and F24 cameras, later adding the larger F52. The 109 was a German World War II fighter aircraft designed by two men by the names of Robert Lusser and Willy Messerschmitt during the 1930s. (It soon was renamed 1 PRU, R for reconnaissance. Film and analyses would go to Fliegerkorps (higher-level) staff later; eventually top-level staff at the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) headquarters at Zossen near Berlin would receive the products for filing and possibly strategic integration. [13][page needed], Unlike the case in the previous war, French reconnaissance was now comparatively ineffective on all levels, and entirely lacked a strategic perspective. Ehlers, Robert S: "Bomb Damage Assessment". "The Macchi-Castoldi Series. [10][page needed] Thanks to bomb damage assessment (BDA) the complete failure of precision daylight bombing soon became apparent, the vast majority of bombers not even coming close to their targets. This page was last edited on 4 May 2021, at 20:53. From 1946, the focus was no longer just on photography, but on signals intelligence and especially on new air sampling methods to detect and analyze nuclear fall-out. The surveyors oriented themselves with maps of Ethiopia at 1:400,000 scale, compiled in 1934. Used pending delivery of Bf 109's. 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