In 1972, Ratzinger helped found the theological journal Communio, which became one of the most important journals of Catholic thought. When a … His father was a policeman and his mother a hotel cook (before she married). Spare me any more reverential coverage about Pope Benedict XVI and his decision to give up his office. He was married to Marie Antoinette and was executed for treason by guillotine in 1793. She was born around 1869—she herself did not know the precise date—in Darfur in Sudan. Pope Benedict XVI has already made plans to view the shroud during a one-day trip to the northern Italian city of Turin in early May. He was elected pope on 19 April 2005, was inaugurated on 24 April 2005 and retired on 28 February 2013. In 2007 Benedict approved the decisions of the International Theological Commission, an advisory panel to the Vatican, that the traditional teaching of limbo was “unduly restrictive” and that unbaptized infants could be saved. On a personal level, I wish him well. In February 2013, at the age of 85, Pope Benedict XVI announced that he would be resigning on February 28, 2013 — becoming the first pope in centuries to step down from his post. On February 10, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI issued the stunning declaration that he intended to resign from his post as head of the Catholic Church at the end of the month. He also overturned John Paul’s reform of the papal election process and restored the traditional practice when he declared that the election of a new pope requires a two-thirds majority of the cardinals attending the conclave. Among them are Introduction to Christianity (1968); Called to Communion: Understanding the Church Today (1996); The Spirit of the Liturgy (2000); Jesus of Nazareth (2007); Jesus of Nazareth, Vol. He has said his unit was attacked by Allied forces that year, but he did not take part in that battle because a finger infection had kept him from learning to shoot. “I can only say that with the slow waning of my physical forces, I’m on a pilgrimage towards home," he wrote, adding: "It is a great gift for me to be surrounded, on this last stretch of this sometimes tiring road, by a degree of love and goodwill that I could never have imagined.”. II (2012); and Last Testament: In His Own Words (2016). Angelus. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He went on to state, "In today's world, subject to so many rapid changes and shaken by questions of deep relevance for the life of faith, in order to govern the bark of St. Peter and proclaim the gospel, both strength of mind and body are necessary, strength which in the last few months has deteriorated in me to the extent that I have had to recognize my incapacity to adequately fulfill the ministry entrusted to me... For this reason, and well aware of the seriousness of this act, with full freedom, I declare that I renounce the ministry of bishop of Rome, successor of St. Independent scholar and adjunct instructor of history at the University of Delaware, Newark. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. is it not primarily about the person of the Polish pope, who had called him to Rome and his pontificate, which he helped to shape from the background, but rather it is related to the Magisterium, particularly realling the Encyclical Veritatis splendor , and the Declaration Dominus Iesus , two documents Benedict XVI. As a defense against the Nazi regime, Ratzinger threw himself into the Roman Catholic Church, "a citadel of truth and righteousness against the realm of atheism and deceit," he wrote. In March 1977, he was named archbishop of Munich and Freising and, three months later, was named a cardinal by Pope Paul VI. He succeeds in name Pope Benedict XV, pontiff from 1914-22, and in nationality Pope Victor II, pontiff from 1055-57, making him the first German pope in nearly a thousand years. Pope Benedict XVI was born Joseph Ratzinger on April 16, 1927, in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany, the youngest of three children. Louis XVI was the last king of France (1774–92) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789. Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI attends a papal mass for elderly people at St. Peter's Square on Sept. 28, 2014, at the Vatican. Former pope Benedict XVI reported to be seriously ill Ex-pontiff, 93, has shingles after being in poor health for some time, says German newspaper Published: 3 Aug 2020 We would not have two popes, but “half”: a pope without practical exercise of power. Prior to his election as pope, Benedict led a distinguished career as a theologian and as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Pope Benedict XVI Today Responsibility Ethics It is important to learn to understand in a historical text, a text from the past, the living Word of God, that is, to enter into prayer and thus read Sacred Scripture as a conversation with God. He deserted in April of that year and was captured by American forces and held prisoner for a brief period. Pope Benedict XVI: Children truly are the family's greatest treasure and most precious good. In a public letter written in February 2018, Benedict stated that he was nearing the end of his … Ratzinger became a professor at the University of Bonn in 1959. In 1943, Ratzinger and fellow seminarians were drafted into the anti-aircraft corps. At the age of nine, she was kidnapped by slave-traders, beaten till she bled, and sold five times in the slave-markets of Sudan. During the early years of his papacy, Benedict visited several countries, including Turkey, where he met the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople in the hope of improving relations between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Benedict XVI, original name Joseph Alois Ratzinger, (born April 16, 1927, Marktl am Inn, Germany), bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church (2005–13). His family moved frequently among villages in rural Bavaria, a deeply Roman Catholic region in Germany, as the Nazis strengthened their stranglehold on Germany in the 1930s. He was elevated to the papacy in 2005. For the first time in 600 years, a pope is resigning after less than eight years in office. In 2008 Benedict made his first visit as pope to the United States, where he spoke out against clerical sexual abuse and delivered an address at the United Nations. Though Benedict has no further administrative or official duties and rarely appears in public, he did join Pope Francis on December 8, 2015, as he pushed open the great bronze doors of St. Peter's Basilica to launch his Holy Year of Mercy. After about a year in the anti-aircraft unit, Ratzinger was drafted into the regular military. Corrections? In 1953 he was awarded a doctorate in theology at the University of Munich. Pope Benedict XVI. One of Benedict's final acts as a pope was a tweet to his Twitter following. In 2008, Benedict made his first visit as pope to the United States, where he spoke out against clerical sexual abuse and delivered an address at the United Nations. Pope Benedict said the Church considered the distinction between men and women as central to human nature. May you always experience the joy that comes from putting Christ at the center of your lives." Ratzinger was briefly a member of the Hitler Youth in his early teens after membership became mandatory in 1941. He was condemned to hang as a war criminal in 1946 but took his own life instead. The Vatican also denounced as “false and calumnious” the charge that as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Benedict had been responsible for a policy of covering up cases of sexual abuse, declaring that his handling of the cases showed “wisdom and firmness.”. vor 1.184 Seiten über den früheren Papst (Peter Seewald publishes a new Biography on Benedict XVI: 1184 pages about the former Pope) does not even speak of what happened using the correct terms, but does reveal that the Pedophilia Crisis was the cause of the decision: Benedict XVI leaving the balcony of Castel Gandolfo after giving his final benediction before retiring from the papacy, 2013. “If you follow the will of God, you know that in spite of all the terrible things that happen to you, you … Ratzinger’s university years, however, brought about a transformation of his views. XVI , nato Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger a Marktl am Inn, Germania, il 16 aprile 1927) è il 265° Papa della Chiesa cattolica, eletto al soglio pontificio il 19 aprile 2005. Pope Benedict XVI was born on April 16, 1927 in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany as Joseph Alois Ratzinger. His father was a determined anti-Nazi, Ratzinger wrote. Former pope Benedict is seriously ill, reports say. Known for his rigid views on Catholicism, he sought a more inclusive image as pope. But he could not avoid the realities of the day. He turned to theological studies after the war, helping found the influential journal Communio. His choice of the name Benedict XVI recalled St. Benedict of Nursia, the patron saint of Europe and the founder of Western monasticism, as well as earlier popes of the same name, including Benedict XV (1914–22), who sought to mediate between the belligerents during World War I. Benedict XVI immediately took steps to continue John Paul’s dialogue with Judaism and Islam and with other Christian churches. In February 2013 Benedict announced that he would resign at the end of that month, citing age and health concerns. The move was unexpected, given that popes in the modern era have held the position from election until death. Deviating from these traditional … Max Weber was a 19th-century German sociologist and one of the founders of modern sociology. Omissions? On November 25, 1981, he was made prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by his friend Pope John Paul II (1978–2005), whom he had known well since 1977. He is the first Pope to have resigned since Gregory XII in the year 1415. Benedict has written a total of 66 books. He was officially elected Pope on 19 April 2005, choosing the name Benedict XVI. Ratzinger’s election as pope on the second day of the conclave was something of a surprise because of his status as a leading candidate; front-runners are almost never chosen, a fact reflected in the popular expression, “He who enters as a pope leaves as a cardinal.” His position with the cardinal electors was apparently secured by his long service to John Paul and his devotion to his predecessor’s teachings and ideals. From Pope Benedict XVI Wednesday Audience teachings 2011 -12 Pope Benedict on Prayer 26 – Fear Not Persecutions But Trust In The Presence of God Thus the plea the first Christian community of Jerusalem made to God in prayer was not “to be defended, to be spared from trials or to enjoy success, but only to be able to proclaim … the Word of God frankly, freely and courageously”. Health. After the war, Ratzinger continued his education in the seminary; he was ordained a priest in June 1951. Benedict also indicated that he would maintain his predecessor’s conservative orthodoxy on matters of sexuality, priestly celibacy, and ecclesiastical organization. I am thinking of the African Josephine Bakhita, canonized by Pope John Paul II. He contributed to a document that severely criticized the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office and that eventually led to its reorganization by Pope Paul VI (1963–78) as the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Ratzinger defended and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, including teaching on topics such as birth control, homosexuality and inter-religious dialogue. Traveling by helicopter, he departed the Vatican for the summer papal residence in Castel Gandolfo, Italy. by Andrea Cionci “There is only one pope,” Benedict XVI has been repeating for … In a public letter written in February 2018, Benedict stated that he was nearing the end of his life. Bergoglio would be invalid. Ratzinger’s father was a policeman and his mother a hotel cook. Later, he moved to the University of Muenster (1963-66) and took a chair in dogmatic theology at the University of Tübingen. Pope Francis seemed taken aback by Benedict's frailty when he saw him at the Holy Door, and he asked the throngs of pilgrims in the piazza to send their prayers for his "good health." https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-XVI, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops - Biography of Pope Benedict XVI, Benedict XVI - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Erwin Rommel was one of German's most popular generals during World War II, however, after he was implicated in a plot to overthrow Hitler, Rommel took his life in 1944. After earning his teaching license in 1957, he taught dogma and theology at the higher school of philosophy and theology in Freising until 1959, later moving to the University of Bonn (1959–69) and also teaching at universities in Münster (1963–66) and—at the invitation of the theologian Hans Küng—Tübingen (1966–69). Benedict XVI in front of the nativity scene in St Peter's Square in 2009 For years, deals were struck in which the Vatican paid several times the market rate. In 2010 allegations of sexual and physical abuse by parish priests and in parochial schools—particularly in Germany, Ireland, and the United States—brought Benedict, and his role in the cases in Germany in particular, under close media scrutiny. In 2013 he became the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415. The pope stated that the reason for his decision was his declining health due to old age. If a pope does not abdicate, there cannot be another conclave. Benedict Arnold was an American Revolutionary War general best known for his defection from the Continental Army to the British side of the conflict in 1780. Benedict's election occurred in a … Benedict XVI to return to Rome June 22 after visit with ailing brother in Germany. His work in theology attracted the attention of the archbishop of Cologne, Joseph Frings, who asked Ratzinger to serve as his expert assistant at the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Ratzinger entered preparatory seminary in 1939. According to several media reports, Benedict's decision centered on his old age, and physical and mental weakness. Europe. In 1998, he became vice dean of the College of Cardinals and was elected dean in 2002. For years after his unexpected resignation, Pope Benedict live in silence in the Vatican. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! The former pope Benedict XVI, the first pontiff in 600 years to resign instead of ruling for life, is seriously ill, a German newspaper has reported. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Dirk Benedict is an actor best known for his roles on 'The A-Team' and 'Battlestar Galactica.'. The Facts About “Pope Benedict XVI” – Joseph Alois Ratzinger What You Need To Know About the Man who Claimed to be the Pope from 2005-2013 "Benedict XVI" On April 19, 2005, the German "cardinal" Fr. Tiziana Fabi/AFP/Getty Images The Vatican press office confirmed it … Consequently, everyone must be helped to become aware of the intrinsic evil of the crime of abortion. He wrote 'The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism' in 1905. In 2010, allegations of sexual and physical abuse by parish priests and in parochial schools — particularly in Germany, Ireland and the United States — brought Benedict, and his role in the cases in Germany in particular, under close media scrutiny. Pope emeritus Benedict XVI will return to Rome and the Vatican on Monday… Award-winning British actor Benedict Cumberbatch is known for playing the titular detective of the BBC's 'Sherlock' and the sorcerer Doctor Strange in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. At the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), Ratzinger served as a chief theological expert to Cardinal Joseph Frings of Cologne, Germany. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. For more than two decades, Ratzinger was the pope’s closest adviser. As prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Vatican office responsible for preserving Catholic doctrine and evaluating according to canon law the warrant for disciplinary action against clergy, Ratzinger earned a reputation as a hard-liner. Ratzinger was sent home and then called up again before deserting in late April 1945. News about Pope Benedict XVI, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. Getty Pope Benedict XVI waves to pilgrims, for the last time as head of the Catholic Church in 2013. During his long academic career, Ratzinger wrote a number of important theological works, including Introduction to Christianity (1968) and Dogma and Revelation (1973). In a pastoral letter, Benedict rebuked the bishops of the Irish church for a failure of leadership. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Many observers are wondering how the pope will refer to the cloth: as a sign, an icon or -- as Pope John Paul II once characterized it -- a relic. He made his first trip to the Western Hemisphere, visiting Brazil, where he canonized Father Antonio Galvão (1739–1822), the first native-born Brazilian saint. Although he said he had prayed not to be chosen, Ratzinger humbly accepted his election on April 19, 2005, becoming at age 78 the oldest newly elected pope since Clement XII (1730–40). as a contrast and corrective to current developments. In 1981, Pope John Paul II named Ratzinger prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The youngest of three children, Ratzinger was six years old when the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933; his parents, who were staunch Catholics, were hostile to the regime. Pope Benedict XVI, Self: Tmár a jeho rod aneb Slzavé údolí pyramid. One of the more progressive figures at the council, Ratzinger opposed those who hoped to limit reform. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Italiano: Papa Benedetto XVI ( Benedictus PP. Benedict made a controversial decision in January 2009 to revoke the excommunications of four bishops who in 1988 had been consecrated, without papal sanction, by Marcel Lefebvre (1905–91), an ultraconservative French archbishop who was excommunicated with them. 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2013; Apostolic Constitutions Benedict XVI, original name Joseph Alois Ratzinger, (born April 16, 1927, Marktl am Inn, Germany), bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church (2005–13). Pope John Paul II made history in 1978 by becoming the first non-Italian pope in more than 400 years. Pope Benedict XVI grew up under war reparations from World War I, as the Nazi regime was gaining power. He issued new guidelines allowing greater use of the Latin mass—the order of the mass used before the reforms of the Second Vatican Council—and he published the encyclicals Deus caritas est (2005; “God Is Love”) and Spe salvi (2007; “Saved by Hope”). Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI waves prior of his departure at Munich Airport in Freising, Germany, June 22, 2020. In November of that same year, in an act of outreach to conservative Anglicans, Benedict approved an apostolic constitution, or special decree, that allowed Anglican clergymen and laypersons to join the Roman Catholic Church while maintaining some Anglican traditions. Tuesday at the Vatican both living popes made a rare joint appearance when Pope Francis celebrated Pope Benedict's 65th year in the priesthood. "Thank you for your love and support. Ratzinger entered the seminary in 1939. He will continue to be known as Benedict XVI in his retirement and has been given the title of pope emeritus. Believers of various backgrounds and experience in prayer-from beginners to spiritually advanced-will be enriched by this spiritual masterpiece. Ratzinger returned to the seminary at the University of Munich in the fall of 1945 and was ordained a priest in 1951. Americas. He told TIME magazine in 1993 that while stationed near Hungary, he saw Hungarian Jews being sent to death camps. He was captured by American soldiers and held as a prisoner of war for several months. In a pastoral letter, Benedict rebuked the bishops of the Irish church for a failure of leadership. That same year, to foster relations and understanding between religions, Benedict addressed the first Catholic-Muslim Forum, a three-day conference of Catholic theologians and Islamic scholars. This page is dedicated to demonstrating that the past and present beliefs and actions… In 1941 he was compelled to join the Hitler Youth, and in 1943 he was drafted into the German military, serving in an antiaircraft unit in Bavaria before being sent to Hungary to set tank traps in 1945. The conclave to select his successor began on 12 March 2013 and elected Pope Benedict XVI born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger on 16 April 1927 was the 265th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. He was viewed as a reformer during this time. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. Hermann Göring was a leader of the Nazi Party. Later that year he addressed the first Catholic-Muslim Forum, a three-day conference of Catholic theologians and Islamic scholars hosted by the Vatican to promote improved understanding between the two religions. He is best known for his rigid views on Catholicism and topics such as birth control and homosexuality. The student protests and denunciations of Christianity that he witnessed while teaching at Tübingen reminded him of the tactics of the Nazis and gradually led him to adopt a more conservative theological perspective. Benedict stayed there while renovations were made to a convent, Mater Ecclesiae, in the southwest corner of Vatican City, which became his residence. In February 2013, Benedict XVI resigned from his position as pope. The homily he delivered as part of the funeral proceedings for the pope also increased his stature. The Vatican also denounced the charge that, as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Benedict had been responsible for the Vatican's policy of covering up cases of sexual abuse, declaring that his handling of the cases showed “wisdom and firmness.”. Joseph Ratzinger was elected "Pope" Benedict XVI. His final public address in St. Peter’s Square drew a crowd of more than 50,000. Dated December 25, Solemnity of the Nativity of the Lord, it … DomRadio.De in its report of May, 4, 2020, entitled, Peter Seewald legt neue Biografie von Benedikt XVI. Further, he declared that one of the goals of his papacy would be to revitalize the Catholic church in Europe. His papacy faced several challenges, including a decline in vocations and church attendance, divisive debates concerning the direction of the church, and the effects of the scandal beginning in the late 1990s surrounding the church’s handling of numerous cases of sexual abuse by priests. Updates? Benedict served his final day as pope on February 28, 2013. On February 28 he formally resigned, taking the title pope emeritus. Battles among the political parties set people against one another.". Two years later, he earned his doctorate at the University of Munich. XVI, born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger on April 16, 1927, was elected Pope of the Catholic Church on April 19, 2005. In attacking human life in its very first stages, it is also an aggression against society itself. He was briefly a member of the Hitler Youth in his early teens after membership became mandatory in 1941. BENEDICT XVI. Benedict XVI. Pope Benedict XVI served as Pope from 2005 to 2013. Alienated by the student protests at Tübingen, he returned to Bavaria, to the University of Regensburg. He is the first pope from the Americas. Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected the 266th pope of the Roman Catholic Church in March 2013, becoming Pope Francis. Americas. Prior to his election as pope, Benedict led a distinguished career as In one statement, the pope explained, "I have come to the certainty that my strengths, due to an advanced age, are no longer suited to an adequate exercise." Peter.". English: Pope Benedict XVI, officially in Latin Benedictus PP. He condemned liberation theology and suppressed more-liberal theologians such as the Brazilian Leonardo Boff and the American Charles Curran. Overview of the early life of Benedict XVI, with a detailed discussion of his involvement in the Hitler Youth. He earned his teaching licentiate in 1957 and became a professor of Freising College in 1958, teaching dogma and fundamental theology. The pope and his prefect shared a similar history, both having lived under totalitarian regimes, and their views concerning the church were substantially the same. Benedictus XVI Joseph Ratzinger 19.IV.2005 - 28.II.2013. Author of, Learn about the early life of Pope Benedict XVI and his involvement in the Hitler Youth. Benedict XVI served as pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 2005 to 2013. Prayer is essential to the life of faith. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Benedict walked through the doorway right after Francis, gingerly negotiating the two steps with the help of a cane and his longtime assistant. 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